Introduction Extracorporeal photopheresis (ECP) is an emerging immunomodulatory therapy that promotes donor-specific tolerance, reduces alloimmunity, and minimizes the need for long-term immunosuppression in transplant patients. It works by inducing apoptosis…
Introduction Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a key cytokine driving inflammation across multiple organ systems. Sarilumab (SAR), a fully human IL-6 receptor antibody, binds both monomeric and dimeric IL-6Rα with ~20 times…
Introduction The treatment of autoimmune rheumatic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and lupus has advanced with the use of disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs), leading to improved…
Introduction Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a major barrier to the success of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), affecting both survival and quality of life. Macrophages play a dual role in…
Introduction Inflammatory arthritis encompasses a range of immune-mediated joint disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and psoriatic arthritis (PsA), which lead to chronic joint damage and systemic complications. Despite advancements…
Introduction Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease that causes persistent joint inflammation, leading to pain, stiffness, and eventual cartilage and bone destruction. The disease affects joints symmetrically and…
Introduction Kidney transplantation remains the preferred treatment for end-stage kidney disease, offering superior survival and quality of life compared to dialysis. Advances such as broader organ sharing, paired donor exchanges,…
