Introduction Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) affects 0.5–1% of people and causes chronic joint inflammation and damage. Methotrexate (MTX) is the first-line therapy, but 30–40% of patients

Introduction Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by joint pain, swelling, and long-term disability, affecting millions of people globally. Although there has been

Introduction Inflammation plays a central role in determining transplant outcomes. Its intensity varies across living donation, DBD, DCD, and xenotransplantation, with pig xenografts provoking the

Introduction Renal allograft dysfunction, presenting as either acute or gradual loss of kidney function, remains a major complication following transplantation. These conditions often progress silently

Introduction Extracorporeal photopheresis (ECP) is an emerging immunomodulatory therapy that promotes donor-specific tolerance, reduces alloimmunity, and minimizes the need for long-term immunosuppression in transplant patients.

Introduction Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a key cytokine driving inflammation across multiple organ systems. Sarilumab (SAR), a fully human IL-6 receptor antibody, binds both monomeric and

Introduction The treatment of autoimmune rheumatic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and lupus has advanced with the use of disease-modifying anti-rheumatic

Introduction Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a major barrier to the success of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), affecting both survival and quality of life. Macrophages